Charity: High Schools

AP English Charity Many people donate to charity in their everyday lives, while others do it as an assignment. Individuals even give to charity just to receive money, gifts, or bonuses in return. Giving to charity portrays an act that certain people want to do for others, by the goodness of their hearts. However, then why do high schools ask their students who perform these tasks for a reward, such as extra credit and the ability to graduate? High schools that offer incentives for charitable acts become unethical since it takes away from the true meaning of giving. Teachers who offer students bonus points to those who bring in money, food, etc. don’t realize other people’s socioeconomic status. Although, by offering a reward will result in more students participating, those who live less fortunately may not obtain the food or clothing to donate. Families may be low on money; therefore enabling their children to donate to the cause and resulting in their child not receive bonus points since they need such items for themselves. High schools who offer incentives do not fairly give each student an equal opportunity. Donating for grades appears as unjust and irrational since not everyone may be able to afford it, while donating without expecting anything in return remains reasonable to everyone in society. At Wahlert Catholic High School we do not exchange donations for grades. It appears required of us to perform acts of giving to those of the community who reach out in need of it, without anything in return and enabling us to graduate. We do, however, arrange collections to help those in need. For example, when Japan experienced a tsunami, the whole school came together and raised a great deal of money to send over and help out. We donated from our hearts since we didn’t get anything in return. We remain left with the satisfaction of helping those in dire need of it. Therefore, the ways of the high schools such as Wahlert Catholic, happen to exist as ethical and portrays the truth behind giving to others in need. At Mazzuchelli Catholic Middle School, we did the very opposite and exchanged money for the right to come out of dress code. Yes, by doing this a lot of students got to wear whatever they wanted and the school raised a good chunk of money to give to nearby charities. However, the students gave their (or their parents) money not by thinking about the charities, but the clothes they became capable of wearing. This defeats the purpose of giving and carrying out the true Christian ways. Schools, such as Mazzuchelli, mean well by giving the opportunity to its children to do something new, in this case, no uniforms for the day. However, they should teach the kids the real reason to donated money, without the incentives they may receive. As Catholics, we should act in the way Jesus would and for the right purpose. We often ask ourselves, â€Å"What would Jesus do? † and wonder if giving to charity for a grade exists as the right thing? High schools need to encourage students to go out of their ways for others. Those who give to charity carry out their Christian morals by following in Jesus’ footsteps and doing what he would want his followers to do. On the other hand, by gaining extra credit or carrying through with charitable acts just to graduate exposes the wrong message. High schools that pursue these sorts of encouragements exist fair-minded, although others may argue it undermines the true value of charity. Students who give their time and possessions to charity act as true Christians and seem right minded. However, those who complete charitable deeds just to obtain objects in return portray immoral and wicked actions. High schools that offer its students the choice of donating for improving their grades usually mean well, but by doing this, it does not teach the kids the reason why they serve. High school students know to do what appears right and live out Jesus’ laws. Pursuing the act of donation affects many people and families, as well as influencing others to give. Therefore, carrying through the act of donation within high schools without any rewards reveals individuals as altruistic and leaves them with the knowledge of the true meaning of giving.

Iron Crowned Chapter 2

I retreated to my bedroom as soon as etiquette allowed, collapsing onto the bed the moment I entered. Dorian had followed me in, and I tossed an arm over my eyes, groaning. â€Å"Do you think that display helped win us over with Ranelle or scared her off?† I felt Dorian sit on the bed beside me. â€Å"Hard to say. At the very least, I don't think it'll turn her king against us. We're too terrifying and unstable.† I smiled and uncovered my face, looking into those green and gold eyes. â€Å"If only that reputation would spread to everyone else. I heard a rumor the Honeysuckle Land might join with Katrice. Honestly, how anyone could call their kingdom that and keep a straight face is beyond me.† Dorian leaned over me, lightly brushing hair from my face and trailing his fingers along my cheekbone. â€Å"It's quite lovely, actually. Almost tropical. I mean, it's no barren wasteland of a desert kingdom, but it's not half bad.† I was so used to his jibes about my kingdom that there was almost something comforting about them. His fingers ran down to my neck and were soon replaced by his lips. â€Å"Honestly, I'm not worried about this Honeysuckle place. It's other potential allies worrying me. Hey, stop.† His lips had moved down to my collarbone, and his hand was starting to lift my shirt. I wriggled away. â€Å"I don't have time.† He lifted his head, arching an eyebrow in surprise. â€Å"You have some place to be?† â€Å"Yeah, actually.† I sighed. â€Å"I have a job back in Tucson. Besides, I'm filthy.† Dorian was undeterred and returned to trying to get my shirt off. â€Å"I'll help bathe you.† I swatted his hand away but then pulled him over so that I could put my arms around him and hold him against me. I knew he wanted more than cuddling, but I didn't have the energy. Considering his fastidious nature, I was surprised he consented to resting his head on my chest, seeing as how dirty and ragged the shirt was. â€Å"No offense, but I'll take human showers any day over some servant lugging water up to a tub.† â€Å"You can't leave without talking to Ranelle,† he pointed out. â€Å"And you can't see her like this.† I grimaced and ran my hand over his brilliant hair. â€Å"Damn it.† He was right. I was still bad at this queen thing, but I knew enough about gentry customs to know that if I really did want the Linden King's help, I would need to look and sound good. So much to do. Never enough time. All so wearying. Dorian lifted his head and looked back down at me. â€Å"Was it bad?† He was referring to last night's battle. â€Å"It's always bad. I'm still not okay with people fighting and dying for me. Especially over one insult.† The living suffered from this war too. I often had refugees coming to me for food and shelter. â€Å"Their kingdom's at stake,† he said. â€Å"Their homes. And that was more than an insult. Letting it pass would make the Thorn Land look weak – like prey. It would make you open to invasion, which is the same as surrendering to Katrice. Your people don't want that. They have to fight.† â€Å"But why do yours fight?† Dorian looked at me like that was a crazy question. â€Å"Because I tell them to.† I left the conversation at that and called for a servant to fill the bathtub in the chamber adjacent to my bedroom. It was a tedious task I hated making them do, though Dorian would no doubt argue it was their duty to. The magic I'd inherited from my tyrant father gave me control over storm elements, so I could have summoned water straight to the tub, rather than making my servants haul it up one bucket at a time. The Thorn Land was so dry, however, that pulling that much water magically would both dry out the castle's air even more and possibly kill surrounding vegetation. The servants had their own entrance to the bath chamber, and as soon as we heard them hauling and pouring water, Dorian grinned and pulled me back to the bed. â€Å"See?† he said. â€Å"Now we have time.† I stopped protesting. And as our clothes came off and I felt the heat of his lips, I had to admit to myself that I wasn't averse to sex, not really. This war really did put our lives constantly at risk, and he had worried about me. Having me here, merging physically, seemed to reassure him that I truly was all right. And I took comfort in it too, being with this man I'd fallen in love with against all reason. I'd once feared and hated the gentry – and it had taken me a long time to trust Dorian. Sex was surprisingly tame for us this time. Usually, we found ourselves caught up in bad, kinky sex, sex that was a game of power and control I both loved and felt dirty about. Now, I sat on top of him, wrapping my legs around his hips as I drew him inside me. A sigh of bliss escaped his lips, his eyes closing as I began to slowly move my body and ride him. A moment later, his eyes opened and held mine with an expression of such affection and lust that a chill ran through me. It always amazed me that he found me so desirable. I'd seen his past lovers – sexy, voluptuous women with curves and cleavage reminiscent of classic Hollywood starlets. My body's build was lean and athletic from all the activity I did, my breasts pretty nicely shaped – though hardly porn star quality. Yet, since we'd officially become a couple these last few months, he had never looked at another woman. It was me he watched, his gaze hungry even at the most unromantic times. I increased my pace, tilting forward and rocking us so that more of my body rubbed against his, bringing me closer to orgasm. I came shortly thereafter, my lips parting without a sound as a sweet ecstasy wracked my body, and every nerve in my skin seemed to ignite. I leaned forward, kissing him, letting his tongue explore my mouth as his fingers stroked my nipples. The door to the bath chamber suddenly opened, and I jerked my head up as a servant peered in. â€Å"Your Majesty? The bath is ready.† Her words were bland, and she disappeared as quickly as she'd come. My being naked on top of Dorian hadn't seemed like any big deal to her – and probably, it wasn't. The gentry had much looser sexual mores than humans, public displays being very common. It probably would have been weirder for her if she hadn't found her monarchs immediately going at it upon my return. This sexual ease wasn't something I'd picked up, and Dorian knew it. â€Å"No, no,† he said, feeling me slow down in my shock. The hands cupping my breasts moved down to my hips. â€Å"Let's finish this.† Dragging my eyes from the door, I turned my attention back to him and found my arousal returning. He rolled me over, not holding anything back now that I'd come. He pushed his body into mine, thrusting as hard and fast as he could. Moments later, his body shuddered, his fingers digging in where he gripped my arms. I loved watching it happen, loved watching this smug, confident king lose his control between my thighs. When he finished, I gave him another long, lingering kiss and then slid over to lie beside him. He exhaled in contentment, regarding me again with that mix of hunger and love. He wouldn't say it, but I knew he always secretly hoped that somehow, some way, our lovemaking would result in me getting pregnant. I had explained to him a hundred times how birth control pills worked, but the gentry had difficulty with conception, making them obsessed with having children. Dorian claimed he wanted a child just for the sake of having one with me, but the prophecy about my firstborn son conquering humanity had always been alluring. Obviously, I wasn't in favor of that idea – hence my emphasis on contraceptives. Dorian had ostensibly let go of that dream for my sake, but there were days I suspected he wouldn't mind fathering such a conqueror. As it was, our alliance already made us dangerous. He loved me, I was certain, but he also craved power. Our united kingdoms put us in a good position to conquer others, if we chose. It was difficult leaving him, but there was too much to be done. I retreated to the bath, washing both sex and battle off of me. Life and death. The tub was only big enough for one, but Dorian seemed perfectly happy watching me and lounging in the afterglow. He was less excited about my wardrobe choice. As queen, I had a closet filled with elaborate dresses, dresses he loved seeing me in. As a human shaman, I'd also made sure it was stocked with human clothes. He looked at my jeans and tank top with dismay. â€Å"Ranelle would be more impressed with a dress,† he said. â€Å"Especially one that showed your lovely cleavage.† I rolled my eyes. We were back in my bedroom, and I was loading myself up with weapons: charmed jewelry and an iron athame, along with a satchel containing a gun, a wand, and a silver athame. â€Å"You'd be more impressed with that. And anyway, it'd be a waste now.† â€Å"Not true.† He got up from the bed, still naked, and gently pushed me against the wall, cautious of the athame's sharp blade. â€Å"I'm ready again.† I could see that he was, and honestly, I probably could have gone back to bed too. Whether that was from lust or a reluctance to fulfill my impending tasks, it was hard to say. â€Å"Later,† I told him, brushing a kiss against his lips. He regarded me suspiciously. â€Å"Later means a lot of things with you. An hour. A day.† I smiled and kissed him again. â€Å"Not more than a day.† I reconsidered. â€Å"Maybe two.† I laughed at the face this earned me. â€Å"I'll see what I can do. Now get some clothes on before the women around here are driven into a frenzy.† He gave me a mournful look. â€Å"I'm afraid that'll happen with or without clothes, my dear.† When we finally managed to part, I headed off toward Ranelle's room, my post-sex good humor fading. A little air magic left me with only semi-wet hair by the time I reached her. Once admitted, I found her writing a letter at her room's desk. Seeing me, she leapt up and curtsied. â€Å"Your Majesty.† I motioned her down and took a nearby chair. â€Å"No need. I just wanted to have a quick chat before I returned to the human world.† Her face twitched a little at this, but ambassador training quickly moved her past how strange she probably found that. The ease with which I jumped worlds wasn't normal for gentry. â€Å"I'm sorry for the grisly display this morning. And that I haven't been around much during your visit.† â€Å"You're at war, Your Majesty. These things happen. Besides, King Dorian has been quite hospitable in your absence.† I hid a smile. Ranelle was hardly in a frenzy, but it was clear Dorian had charmed her, as he did so many women. â€Å"I'm glad. Were you writing your king?† She nodded. â€Å"I wanted to send him my report right away, although I'll be leaving later today.† Magic filled the Otherworld and the gentry, and there were those among them with the power to expedite messages. A magical e-mail, of sorts. It allowed gossip to spread fast and meant her letter would get back to her homeland before she did. I eyed it on the desk. â€Å"What will you tell him?† She hesitated. â€Å"May I be blunt, Your Majesty?† â€Å"Of course,† I said, smiling. â€Å"I'm human. Er, half human.† â€Å"I empathize with you. I understand your grievance and know King Damos will too.† She was carefully skirting the explicit details of Leith raping me. â€Å"But tragic as your situation is †¦ well, it is your situation. I don't believe it's one we should risk the lives of our people for – begging your pardon, Your Majesty.† Delivering bad news obviously made her uneasy. My father, honorifically referred to as Storm King, had been known for his power and cruelty. I wasn't as ruthless, but I'd had my share of frightening shows of power as well. â€Å"No offense taken,† I assured her. â€Å"But †¦ if I may also be blunt, your king is in a precarious situation. He's growing old. His power will eventually fade. Your kingdom will be open for others to move in on.† Ranelle went perfectly still. The lands of the Otherworld bound themselves to those with enough power to claim them. â€Å"Are you threatening us, Your Majesty?† she asked quietly. â€Å"No. I have no interest in another kingdom – especially one so far away.† Distance was relative in the Otherworld, but the Linden Land did take a bit longer to get to compared to some of the kingdoms nearer to me, like the Rowan Land and Dorian's Oak Land. â€Å"Perhaps not,† she said uncertainly. â€Å"But it's no secret King Dorian has wanted to expand his territory. That's why he took you as a consort, right?† Now I stiffened. â€Å"No. That's not it at all. Neither of us have interest in your land. But your neighbors – or people within the land itself – probably do. From what I've heard, Damos would like his daughter to inherit.† Ranelle nodded slowly. Inheritance was by power here, not by blood – but most monarchs still longed for family succession, if they were lucky enough to have children at all. I gave Ranelle a knowing smile. â€Å"Her control of the land depends on her own power, of course. But if Damos helped us now, we could certainly help later against any †¦ usurpers hoping to claim the Linden Land.† Assassination, outright war. The methods were less important than my meaning. Ranelle stayed silent, no doubt turning this over in her mind. Was a promise like that worth committing their armies to? Unclear. But it was certainly worth bringing to her king. â€Å"And,† I added casually, shifting us from that dangerous topic, â€Å"I'd be happy to negotiate very favorable trade agreements with your king.† By which I meant my staff would negotiate it. I hated economics and the politics of trade. But, my kingdom had literally and figuratively become a hot commodity. My shaping it in Arizona's image had created harsh conditions – but also brought along tons of copper deposits. Copper was the chief metal in a world that couldn't work with iron. Ranelle nodded again. â€Å"I understand. I'll bring this to his attention.† â€Å"Good.† I rose from my chair. â€Å"I'm sorry I have to go now, but definitely let anyone here know if you need anything else. And send my greetings to Damos.† Ranelle told me she would, and I left her, feeling rather pleased with myself. I disliked these sort of diplomatic talks almost as much as economic ones, mostly because I didn't think I was very adept. But that one had gone well, and even if the Linden Land didn't join us, I felt certain Dorian had been right: they wouldn't fight against us either. I was walking toward the castle's exit, intending to go to the nearest gate back to the human world, when I passed a certain hallway. I hesitated, staring down it as I waged a mental war. Then, grimacing, I altered my destination and turned the corner. The room I sought was easy to find because two guards stood outside of it. Both were Dorian's soldiers, chosen because if anyone was going to father the heir to Storm King's legacy, they wanted it to be their own lord. And everyone knew I was the mother he wanted, not the room's occupant. One of the guards knocked and then opened the door slightly. â€Å"The queen is here.† I didn't need permission to enter any room in my own castle but still waited for a response. â€Å"Come in.† I entered and found Jasmine sitting cross-legged on her bed, attempting some kind of embroidery. Seeing me, she irritably tossed it aside. â€Å"This is the stupidest thing ever. I wish the shining ones had more fun things to do. I wish I could go horseback riding.† That last part was spoken with a knowing tone, and I ignored it. Jasmine was under house arrest, and I wasn't about to allow an activity that might let her slip her guards. I picked up the green velvet she'd been working on and studied her stitches. â€Å"Goldfish?† I asked. â€Å"Daffodils!† she exclaimed. I hastily set it down. Really, considering the loose iron chains she wore on her wrists to stunt magic use, it was impressive that she could sew at all. â€Å"I'm going back to Tucson,† I said. â€Å"I wanted to check on you.† She shrugged. â€Å"I'm fine.† Despite her young age, Jasmine had wanted – and still did want, I suspected – to be the mother of Storm King's heir. The prophecy hadn't been specific. It simply said his daughter's first son would be the conqueror. That made it a race between the two of us – except I wasn't playing. Her forced stay here ensured she wasn't either. She'd hated me for this initially but had grown more civil after the war started. She considered Leith's actions an insult to our family. It was bizarre logic, but seeing as it had stopped her temper tantrums, I welcomed it. â€Å"Do you †¦ need anything?† I asked. A stupid question to ask someone who wanted freedom. She pointed to the iPod lying beside her. â€Å"It needs charging again.† It always needed charging. Normal battery life aside, the Otherworld interfered with electronics. â€Å"Books or magazines or something. I'd kill for a TV.† I smiled. That one was out of my reach. â€Å"Sometimes I would too when I'm here.† â€Å"How'd it go with that Linden lady? Is she going to help us beat up Katrice?† Jasmine's moping face suddenly turned fierce. She had powers similar to mine, and while not as strong, they could still cause a lot of damage. If I'd let her loose, Jasmine would probably march right over to the Rowan Land and try to bring the castle down. â€Å"I don't know. I'm not getting my hopes up.† Jasmine's gray eyes turned calculating, making her seem wiser than her fifteen years should be capable of. â€Å"As long as you and Dorian stay together, you're the badasses around here – especially you.† Surprisingly, there was no sneer as she said this. â€Å"But you've gotta make sure Maiwenn doesn't join Katrice. You know she's thinking about it.† Yes, despite her often pouty and childish attitude, Jasmine was smart. â€Å"You're right,† I said. â€Å"But thinking and doing are two different things. You said it yourself: Dorian and I are badasses. I don't think she's going to want to mess with us.† There was something comfortable about being able to have a discussion with someone not using the gentry's formal language construction. â€Å"Probably not. But she's scared to death you're going to have our father's heir.† Jasmine eyed me carefully. â€Å"You haven't changed your mind, have you? You and Dorian certainly do it enough.† â€Å"That's none of your business,† I said, wondering if that servant had already talked about what she'd seen in bed. â€Å"Tell that to Dorian. He brags about it all the time.† I groaned, knowing it was true. â€Å"Well, regardless, I'm not having kids anytime soon.† â€Å"You should,† Jasmine said. â€Å"Or let me. Katrice would totally back off.† â€Å"And then Maiwenn really would come after us.† Maiwenn ruled the Willow Land and was very much against Storm King's prophecy coming true. She also had a few other reasons for not liking my alliance with Dorian – or rather, her associates did. â€Å"Yeah,† said Jasmine. â€Å"But you could still kick her ass.† I rose and scooped up the iPod, putting it in my satchel. â€Å"Let's stick to one ass-kicking at a time.† An awkward silence fell. How odd that we'd just had a civil conversation. I'd grown up an only child, sometimes wishing I had a sister. The one I'd ended up with was hardly what I'd expected, but maybe I should be grateful for even this. â€Å"Well,† I said at last. â€Å"I'll see you soon.† She nodded and picked up the velvet, scowling at it as though it had given her personal offense. I was almost at the door when she suddenly said, â€Å"Eugenie?† I glanced back. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Will you bring me some Twinkies?† I smiled. â€Å"Sure.† She didn't look up from her embroidery, but I was almost certain she smiled too.

African American History in America Essay -- History Blacks African Am

In From Slavery to Freedom (2007), it was said that â€Å"the transition from slavery to freedom represents one of the major themes in the history of African Diaspora in the Americas† (para. 1). African American history plays an important role in American history not only because the Civil Rights Movement, but because of the strength and courage of Afro-Americans struggling to live a good life in America. Afro-Americans have been present in this country since the early 1600’s, and have been making history since. We as Americans have studied American history all throughout school, and took one Month out of the year to studied African American history. Of course we learn some things about the important people and events in African American history, but some of the most important things remain untold which will take more than a month to learn about. The Fight for Freedom and Rights When Afro-American’s came to America in hopes of having a better and easier way of life, and after they arrived it was a totally opposite of what they expected. The following are a couple events that took place in different locations for the fight for freedom and right. The first is Bloody Sunday; which took place in Selma, Alabama. This particular event was the march of black activists from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. Thomas-Samuel (1996) stated that â€Å"In 1965, Alabama state troopers and local deputies stopped and clubbed black activists as they marched peacefully†¦.† (para. 1). These people just wanted to make a point by marching from one city to another and they got beating just for it. Next is the fight for 7, 2007 from Web site: http://www.who2.com/denmarkvessey From Slavery to Freedom: African in the Americas. (2007). Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Retrieved October 7, 2007 from Web site: http://www.asalh.org/ Harlem Renaissance (1997-2007) Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2007 from Web site: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566483/Harlem_Renaissance.html/ Harlem Renaissance. (2007) The Columbia Eletronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Retrieved October 7, 2007 from Web site: http://www.factmonster.com./ce6/ent/A0822748.html History of Little Rock Nine. (1999) Little Rock Nine Foundation. Retrieved October 7, 2007 from the Web site: http://www.littlerock9.com/

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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How has UK joining the European Union impacted the doctrine of Essay - 1

How has UK joining the European Union impacted the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty - Essay Example essure because of some statutory reforms passed by former regimes affiliated to the Labour party in early 1970s and consequently at the end of the 20th century. Tracking back to the 70s era, the British government enacted laws that saw it join the European Communities (Gifford 2009). Their entry into the European Union brought about some fundamental effects in the UKs parliamentary sovereignty. The principle of UKs Parliamentary sovereignty is derived from historical events that took place in late 1600s. Scholar’s trackback parliamentary sovereignty to the Glorious Revolution that took place in the year 1688. It is regarded by certain individuals as being a significant occasion in the lengthy growth of the separate powers and privileges of the UK Parliament, creating the dominance of laws over prerequisite powers. The UKs Parliament statutory power comprises not only the ability to amend the laws, but also the fact that no other institution within the constitution should have the power of doing so, other than the parliament. By Parliaments sovereignty, it is predestined that there are no statutory restrictions on jurisdictive powers and influences of the UK parliament (McGarry 2012). The Queen gives the bills that are approved by both houses namely: - the House of Commons and the House of Lords the Royal Assent to transform them to become Acts of "the UK" Parliament . Parliamentary Sovereignty additionally includes the notion that the UK courts are compelled to empower laws that are ratified by the UK parliament and to not question the decisions of the parliament exemplified in the statute. According to Albert Venn Dicey, the parliament has a right to unmake or make any rule and there is no other individual or institution recognized under the UK law, who has the mandate to supersede or set aside parliaments legislation. This declaration by Dicey demonstrates the typical explanation of the principle of Parliamentary dominance. It is, however, said that this

Seminar question unit 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seminar question unit 4 - Assignment Example Nutrition screening can benefit the prevention of heart diseases through identifying the nutritional characteristics related to the heart diseases (Bernstein & Luggen, 2011). Studies have indicated that one of the key prevention measures to reduce the alarming rate of mortality due to heart diseases is through good understanding of the right diet for the body. Consequently, nutrition screening in this area will identify individuals with high level of density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol that is responsible for accumulation of plaque in the arteries increasing the risks for heart attack. The identification of the heart related nutritional problems would use a criteria based on diet, height and weight, obesity, and diagnosis to determine the blood pressure level. This will benefit the patient by primarily determining their vulnerability to the heart diseases (Bernstein & Luggen, 2011). In addition, the patient will learn on how to adopt an appropriate diet strategy for sufficient vitamins, nutrients, and calories in the body. Consequently, patients will not only reduce risk of heart diseases, but also improve the body’s immune

Improving Patient Flow in Emergency Departments Essay

Improving Patient Flow in Emergency Departments - Essay Example AD: The hospital is also faced with crowding issues especially after disaster attacks. The hospital can be understaffed or overcrowded during large scale emergencies or during normal operations. The issue alters communication channels significantly and subsequently slows down service delivery (Hoot & Aronsky, 2008). AD: the challenges were evaluated based on the occasional complaints at the complaint box. The complaints have further been raised by staffs and patients at the Ethics Department. Bearing the frequency of the complaints, i decided to take action on the matter (Hoot & Aronsky, 2008). I employed simulation model in the collection of data. I decided to analyze the admission records at the ED so as I can have a generic outlook of the queue. I took a keen assessment on Monday’s admissions which are normally the busiest, so as I could forecast and have an estimate on busy day admissions. I also evaluated the empty in-patient beds at the hospital so as I could measure the department’s capacity (Hoot & Aronsky, 2008). AD: The Hospital management and i instituted the Six Sigma model so as to enhance patient flow at the ED. After instituting questionnaire surveys on 400 inpatients at the ED, the management decided to improve boarding time during patients’ treatment at the ED (ACEP, 2014). AD: The management decided to employ internal measures to curb the situation. The management reached on stringent accountability measures. It was concluded that in case of any delays or bed missing by the patients, the responsible nurses would be held accountable. The CEO and the nursing vice president would be called so as to provide corrective or disciplinary measures. Bed meetings would be instituted before the start of every shift so as the practitioners can understand the current situation (ACEP, 2014). Case Managers would also be allocated to specific physicians in order to follow up on patients treatment procedures. In addition, the

Key points in plot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Key points in plot - Essay Example Larch to let him know that they needed some assistance. The historical time mentioned in the novel shows how people at the time lived and their sources of help by churches and hospitals that helped them at the time during the world war one. During this hard time people especially social workers and other workers needed help from well-wishers to assist in the dire time of need. The mention of world war two in the novel is also seen as Homer lives on the Worthington estate in a bunkhouse called the Cider House as Wally leaves to fight in the world war. This shows the struggle that the different states went through and the struggle that the military had to go through to fight for their country as service men for their country. The historical setting of the book is of the world war times as it mentions the different backgrounds of the world wars. The cider house rules is a novel that shares the different opinions on abortion and how it has affected the people from time in memorial the different characters have a role to have their view. There are other views that one would share such as prostitution that are mentioned in the book. The novel shows that issues that were discussed long time ago are still issues that are currently discussed at the present

English-Drama Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English-Drama - Assignment Example erican Dream does have some common elements such as a house, leisure time and the natural result of average effort, yet each individual must realize that their idea of home and their concept of leisure might be vastly different from another person’s. Unless you know what the dream means to you, it remains impossible to attain, but many people fail to provide themselves with that clear sense of definition. In his play, Death of a Salesman, playwright Arthur Miller presents the story of Willy Loman and his last ditch efforts to achieve the American Dream he envisions for himself and his family. This paper argues that Miller’s play illustrates the problem of fuzzy definition, discovers the actual elusiveness of the American Dream and that the play itself argues for an adjustment of our concepts of this term in favor of something more personal. Throughout Miller’s play, Willy Loman continues to compare himself to a vague notion he has of the American Dream. The idea of the house being an integral part of the Dream is brought in almost immediately as Willy observes to his wife â€Å"Work a lifetime to pay off a house. You finally own it, and there’s nobody to live in it† (4). This statement reveals the emptiness Willy has found in the accomplishment of providing his family with a home of their own as his sons prepare to leave again. As Linda tries to soothe him, he reminds her â€Å"some people accomplish something† (4). By making this statement, he is indicating that simply owning a home and raising a family isn’t enough to give him the sense of satisfaction he’d thought he’d have at this point in his life. Willy’s ideas are shown to be flawed as he talks with his boys in several memory scenes. In these scenes, he is seen to be attempting to inflate his own importance and the prestige of his job: â€Å"they know me boys, they know me up and down New England. The finest people. And when I bring you fellas up, there’ll be open sesame for all of

According to Schmidt and Mandel Essay Example for Free

According to Schmidt and Mandel Essay Sepsis is an inflammatory systemic response to infection. The symptoms are produced by the host’s defense systems rather than by the invading pathogens (Schouten et al. , 2008). Sepsis is a frequent cause of admission to intensive care units (ICUs) and it is one of the leading causes of death among hospitalized patients (Alberti et al. , 2003). It is a public health concern and it continues to be a burden on the healthcare system (Ely, Kleinpell and Goyette, 2003). Despite advancing medical technology, the rate of patients in intensive care units diagnosed with sepsis is continually increasing. According to Schmidt and Mandel (2009), even when optimal treatment is provided, morbidity due to severe sepsis or septic shock is approximately 40 percent and can exceed 50 percent in the most critically ill patients. Early recognition of sepsis and sepsis-associated infections is essential to treating and controlling it from escalating to advanced stages that are associated with higher mortality rates (Lukaszewski et al. , 2008). Unlike other diseases or trauma, the initial signs and symptoms of sepsis are subtle and can easily be missed by health care practitioners. See more: Homeless satire essay Sepsis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade along with downregulation of anticoagulant systems and fibrinolysis (Schouten et al. , 2008). This cycle becomes exaggerated because inflammation induced coagulation produces further inflammation. Sepsis is associated with hypovolemia, hypotension and endothelial dysfunction. The following report will examine a patient’s course of illness during her stay in the ICU at XXXX. This paper will provide a discussion on the patient and her past Running Head: Sepsis medical history, the pathophysiology of sepsis, the clinical manifestations of sepsis, the patient’s clinical course, and finally, a summary and critique of the case management. Patient Information Mrs. E is a 73 year old female with an extensive past medical history. According to her medical chart, her history includes type II diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, hypoglycemia, chronic kidney disease (due to hypertension and diabetic nephropathy), hyperuricemia and gastritis. She has a history of breast and uterine cancer. As a result, she has undergone a left lumpectomy and she has had a hysterectomy. Mrs. E. is an ex-smoker and she has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In June 2009, Mrs. E. was being investigated for transaminitis, and an MRI in the same month suggested a periampullary mass. She underwent Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography (ERCP) on August 26, 2009 at Trillium Health Centre in Mississauga. The ERCP results indicated papillary fibrosis and stenosis; however no masses or stones were discovered. Mrs. E. presented to the emergency department at Trillium Health Centre on August 27, 2009 in septic shock due to an intra-abdominal source. She was then taken to the operating room for a laprotomy for cholecystitis. It was discovered during surgery that Mrs. E. had a gangrenous gallbladder. The surgery team drained a supraphrenic abscess, sutured the intestine and repaired a ventral hernia. She was then admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at Trillium Health Centre. During her stay in the ICU, cultures were taken on successive days that confirmed Klebsiella, pneumonia, and sepsis. She was treated with ceftriaxone and flagyl. Mrs. E’s renal function progressively worsened and her creatinine steadily rose. She developed thrombocytopenia due to sepsis. Mrs. E. began to become less responsive to furosemide treatments and was diagnosed with acute renal failure. As a result she was transferred to xxxxxx for hemodialysis. Upon arrival to xxxxxxx, Mrs. E was intubated, ventilated and sedated. On initial examination, her heart rate (HR) was 88 BPM, blood pressure (BP) was 189/59 mmHg, temperature was 36. 7 degrees celsius, her respiratory rate (RR) was approximately 22 bpm, and her oxygen saturation was 97%. Mrs. E. had generalized pitting edema throughout her entire body. She also presented with periods of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and as a result was given amiodarone. The amiodarone infusion helped to bring Mrs. E back to normal sinus rhythm. On assessment, Mrs. E. had inspiratory crackles with decreased breath sounds to the left lower lobe of her lung, and ecchymosis of her upper extremities. Based on the evidence she presented with, including laboratory evidence, Mrs. E. was diagnosed by the renal physician at The Credit Valley Hospital with acute on chronic renal failure. The acute component was determined to be secondary to sepsis and hypertension perioperatively. Disease Process Pathophysiology Sepsis is a clinical condition that complicates a severe infection and is characterized by systemic inflammation and widespread tissue injury (Neviere, 2009). When coupled with acute organ dysfunction, sepsis can lead to severe life-threatening complications, including death (Lukaszewski, 2008). Individuals suffering from sepsis display signs of inflammation at tissue sites remote from the original insult such as vasodilation, increased microvascular permeability and leukocyte accumulation. During sepsis, the inflammatory response causes extensive damage to an individual’s microcirculation (Neligan, 2006). According to Schouten et al (2008), sepsis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade coupled with down-regulation of anticoagulation and fibrinolysis. An intricate link between inflammation and coagulation exists within the body (Neligan, 2006). When a pathogen is present in the bloodstream or when tissue injury occurs, an inflammatory response occurs. The response causes a stimulation of the immune system to produce interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF? ) (Neligan, 2006). These cytokines are the main catalysts of the inflammatory response and cause the release of several agents including, interleukin-8, histamine, kinins, serotonin, selectins, and neutrophils. When the above compounds are activated, local vasodilation occurs, cytotoxic chemicals are released and the invading pathogen is destroyed (Neligan, 2006). The inflammatory response can be excessive at times and causes local cellular destruction (Neligan, 2006). In septic patients, damage to their own tissues occurs throughout the body in the vasculature and endothelium. The release of the proinflammatory cytokines, specifically IL-6, causes activation of the coagulation cascade (Neligan, 2006). Coagulation can be activated by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway following a particular tissue damaging event (Neligan, 2006). The intrinsic pathway is the slower of the two pathways and it requires that all factors are present within the blood for clotting to occur (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). However, when blood is exposed to a factor that resides under the damaged endothelium, called tissue factor (TF), the extrinsic pathway is activated (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). The extrinsic pathway is shorter than the intrinsic pathway as it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway. Each clotting pathway 6 requires ionic calcium and involves a series of procoagulants, and eventually forms a common factor X (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Within the extrinsic pathway, tissue factor binds to activated factor VII. The complex that results activates factors IX and X (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). When factor X has been activated, it complexes with calcium ions, PF3 and factor V to form prothrombin activator (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Prothrombin activator catalyzes the transformation of the plasma protein prothrombin to the thrombin, an active enzyme. Thrombin catalyzes the formation of fibrinogen and eventually into fibrin (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Thrombin, in the presence of calcium ions, activates factor III in order to bind the fibrin strands closely together (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). The last step in the normal clotting cascade is fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis is responsible for removing clots once the healing process is complete (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Without fibrinolysis, vessels have the potential to become completely blocked because clotting occurs continuously (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Plasmin, a digesting enzyme, is responsible for breaking clots (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). It is produced when the plasma protein plasminogen is activated. Plasminogen is incorporated into a forming clot, however it remains dormant until it is activated by an appropriate signal or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Activated factor XII and thrombin can also activate plasminogen. In a septic patient, the fibrolytic system is inhibited (Neligan, 2006). Cytokines and thrombin stimulate the release of plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), from platelets and the endothelium (Marieb Hoehn, 2007). Thrombin is an activator of inflammation and an inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Thrombomodulin, a modulator of fibrinolysis that activates protein C, is also impaired by inflammation and endothelial injury.

Schumpeterian Growth Model And Convergence Theory Economics Essay

Schumpeterian Growth Model And Convergence Theory Economics Essay The Schumpeterian model, developed by Aghion and Howitt (1992) is an economic growth model that includes technological improvements, or innovation. This leads to the process of creative destruction where the advancement of new technologies renders the old obsolete. To give a theoretical example, colour mobile phones have replaced the old black and white ones in stores. Also the advancement of mobile phone technology could mean less need for wrist watches or cameras. This is based on the work pioneered by Joseph Schumpeter (1950) where innovators are the drivers of economic growth. He popularised the use of the term creative destruction or Schà ¶pferische Zerstà ¶rung. The efficiency frontier, used interchangeably with technological frontier, is based on growth with technological progress. It describes how technological implementation affects the growth rate of countries depending on their relative level of technological development. An industrialising country is far behind the frontier so has a large advantage by adopting the technologies of wealthier countries. As the economy moves closer to the frontier the effectiveness of this practise is abated. Hence policies that are effective in one economy could be detrimental in another depending on their level of industrialisation. This has implications on the theory on convergence. If a country is positively investing in RD they should be able to maintain economic growth. The way a country converges and if convergence is possible depends party on its comparative level of development and in part on its economic policies. Hence the Schumpeterian theory is that of club convergence. there are different lev els of convergences; a country moves towards the same frontier to that of his technological peers. This paper looks at the basic model of Schumpeterian growth and then applies it examine why growth rates differ across countries. The remainder of the paper is set out as follows: section 2 provides a brief literature review, section 3 presents the model. An application of the Schumpeterian model is looked at in section 4 where the effect of technological advancement is used to examine the technological frontier. Section 5 is an empirical testing of the model including the efficiency frontier is looked at in section 4. Section 6 looks at convergence due to technological advancement. and section 7 concludes and suggests areas for future research. Section 2: Literature review Majority of the work in this field has been undertaken by Aghion and Howitt. They developed the original model and have released a number of papers, together and corroborating with others, that expand the model. They have also done work on the technological frontier. Acemoglu has also published a prominent amount of literature in this field. Barro and Sala-i-Martin (2004) have provided a good algebraic model which is replicated in the next section. Jones (1995), Young (1998) and subsequently Dinopoulos and Thompson (1998) have developed neo-Schumpeterian models to remove scale affects. Empirical literature testing the accuracy of the model is rare, especially for countries outside the EU (excluding the USA). Most empirical literature discovered is testing other theories within the context of the Schumpeterian growth model. Zachariadis (2002) gives an overview of previous empirical literature and finds that most conform to the Schumpeterian model. He then does his own analysis and concurs that an increase in technological progress has a positively affects the growth rate of output. Teixeira and Vieira (2004) examine the relationship between productivity and human capital in Portugal. They find the pattern conforms to the Schumpeterian model of creative destruction. A problem with the literature is that they all use statistics on patent approval as a measure of technological development. The Schumpterian growth model is concerned with technological improvement in general, not just new innovations, so in this case imitation could also be included. The problem is that it is difficult to find data on imitation rates in an economy. Xu (2000) attempts to solve this problem by using data on the rate of technology transfers from US multinational enterprises to both developed and developing economies. Empirical literature also tends to focus on the USA, whom is at the forefront of the efficiency frontier. This could result in an underestimation on the effects of RD on growth because there is no effect from technological transfer at the head of the frontier. Once again Aghion and Howitt are prominent researchers in the field of Schumpeterian convergence. Howitt (2000) provided a framework which was later developed into a model (Howitt Mayer-Foulkes, 2004). Krugmans paper (1994) was seminal in literature on growth accounting, an early paper on Schumpeterian convergence. He argued the miraculous growth rates experience by the Soviet Union and in Asia were simply a product of large scale increases in input. There must be technological change for growth to be sustainable. Section 3: The model In the Schumpeterian growth paradigm, growth in driven by technological change. Here new technologies replace the old in a process described as creative destruction (Durlauf, 2010). In this model we assume new technologies are completely substitutable for the old ones. So as new technologies are invented they completely drives out the old technology from the marketplace. Innovation leads to a higher level of output being achieved for a given level of capital and labour than was previously possible which enables the economy to transcend the law of diminishing returns (Weil, 2005). Figure 1 in the appendix shows the law of diminishing returns where the purple line indicates the higher output possibility with technological improvement. The country acquires this new technology either through innovation or imitation. There are three players in the model: producers, innovators and consumers (Barro Sala-i-Martin, 2004). Innovators perform RD in order to develop new technologies. Those that are successful receive monopoly rents from the product due to patents. Note that the latest innovator has a efficiency advantage compared to the previous innovator but he has a disadvantage compared to the next. This is because the latest innovator is able to expand upon past knowledge in his creation of new technologies. This is shown in Figure 2. The successful innovator has the right to sell his idea to a final good producer, at this stage the profit stream to the previous innovator is terminated. The model makes several assumptions about the producers. There are a fixed amount Ñ products in the economy of varying quality. Each new producer is different from the old producer. So when innovations are made the old producer receives no more profit and the new producer takes over the market. Therefore the industry leader has the first mover advantage. The duration of dominance in the market is random (Barro Sala-i-Martin, 2004). The products are placed on a quality ladder, as shown in Figure 3. There are Ñ different goods of quality K. An improvement in a certain good corresponds with a movement up the ladder, an increase in K. Figure 4 shows the quality ladder for an individual product. Here we can see that duration between quality improvements and the size of quality improvements are both random. An incomplete, simplistic version of the growth model is as follows: in an economy with a fixed amount Ñ products, output is given by Yi = ALi1-ÃŽÂ ± .à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœNj=1 (qKjXij)ÃŽÂ ± where Yi is output in industry i, given A is the technology parameter, L is labour input and qKjXij is the quality, K, adjusted amount of the jth type of intermediate good X in industry i. If P is price, a firm maximises profit with Yi wLi à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœNj=1 Pjxij Demand for product X equals the marginal cost of production Xj = L. [AÃŽÂ ±qÃŽÂ ±Kj/Pj]1/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) The monopoly profit, à Ã¢â€š ¬Kj, for the innovator is the difference between the price of the product and marginal cost of production à Ã¢â€š ¬Kj =(Pj -1)Xj If Zj Kj is the flow of resources (as in figure 1) and à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ is random then an innovator faces probability of success pKj = Zj Kj.à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Kj and with ÃŽÂ ¶ as a parameter equal to the cost of doing research à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ is equal to à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢kj = (1/ÃŽÂ ¶). q-(kj+1).ÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) which is an endogenous variable (Barro Sala-i-Martin, 2004: 321-22). The consumers are interested in consuming the latest good. If ÃŽÂ ¸ is a constant representing the elasticity of marginal utility, in other words the willingness to substitute and (r à Ã‚ ) is a marker of growth over time then household consumption grows by ÄÅ  /C = (1/ÃŽÂ ¸).(r à Ã‚ ) The interest rate can be defined as a function of profit flow, ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬, the cost of doing research, ÃŽÂ ¶, and the probability of success r =( ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬/ÃŽÂ ¶) p So the amount of resources devoted to RD in sector j at k quality can be defined as Zkj = q(kj+1).ÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±).(ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬ rÃŽÂ ¶) Hence aggregate RD spending is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœNj=1 Zkj= qÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±)Q.(ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬ rÃŽÂ ¶) Q is the aggregate level of quality improvements. The growth rate of Q is equal to ÃÅ'†¡Q/Q = ( ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬/ÃŽÂ ¶ r).[qÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) 1] If we algebraically substitute the above equation into the the consumption growth equation, allowing for r =( ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬/ÃŽÂ ¶) p we get the growth rate ÃŽÂ ³ ÃŽÂ ³ = [qÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) 1] . [( ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬/ÃŽÂ ¶) à Ã‚ ] 1+ÃŽÂ ¸ . [qÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) 1] We can see growth increases with economic profit flows, ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬, and quality enhancements, q, but decreasing with the cost of research, ÃŽÂ ¶, and the utility parameters à Ã‚  and ÃŽÂ ¸ (Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 2004: 91, 327-31). The basic model has been expanded upon in recent literature. Aghion et al (2001) relaxes the assumption that the monopoly rent receiver will cease to innovate while he receives the rents. In this model there are two firms in an industry so the rent receiver must continue to innovate in order to keep up with the industry leader. This is important because leap frogging is not possible in this model and competition is important for growth. I was unable to find empirical testing of this framework but the assumptions made are more realistic to the real world. For example, when Nintendo invented the gameboy in the 1990s, they did not wait for the competitors to develop hand held gaming devices before they made improvements to the original gameboy. The paper also proposes that a small level of imitation is always good for growth because it encourages competition. Contrastingly, large levels of imitation is detrimental. This issue is explored further in the next section. Aghion et al. (2005) introduce credit constraints into there model. In reality poorer countries are restricted in how much they can imitate because they do not have enough money. Poorly functioning financial institutions or markets limit the flow of credit to potential entrepreneurs. Another line of research was pioneered by Jones (1995) we he brought into light the problems with assuming scale affects. Scale affects arise because the in the classic Schumpeterian model, Aghion and Howitt (1992) assume productivity will rise as the population increases but this has not been empirically supported (Durlauf, 2010). Aghion and Howitt (1998) acknowledged the correction to their model and have also incorporated growth effects into their new model. Dinopoulos and Thompson (1998) have also based work on Jones model by modifying the welfare effects. Section 4: Efficiency Frontier The Schumpeterian model describes growth due to technological progress. The productivity parameter is shown as a change in technology between two periods. If ÃŽÂ ¼n is the frequency innovations take place, ÃŽÂ ¼m the frequency of implementation and ÃŽÂ ³ is a multiple of the new technology we can write the productivity parameter as At+1 At = ÃŽÂ ¼n(ÃŽÂ ³-1)At + ÃŽÂ ¼m(At-At) and we can describe the growth rate,g, as the percentage change in productivity between the two periods (At+1 At)/At g = ÃŽÂ ¼n(ÃŽÂ ³-1) + ÃŽÂ ¼m(ÃŽÂ ±-1-1) where ÃŽÂ ±-1 = At/Äâ‚ ¬t (Durlauf 2010: 232). This leads us to the theory of the technological frontier. The country at the forefront of the frontier is the most technologically progressive economy, which has typically been the USA (Griffth et al. year). The distance of a country to the frontier impacts the effectiveness of adopting technologies and policies on growth. This is used to explain the experience of the slowdown of european growth after the 1970s. It cannot be explained by the Solow model as Europe had much higher levels of savings (Aghion Howitt 2006: 270). An alternative explanation is the lower frequency of technological implementation in Europe meant the continent could not keep up with the USA in terms of growth during the technological revolution during the 1980s. The technological frontier is captured algebraically by à £ = ÃŽÂ ¼m/(g + ÃŽÂ ¼m ÃŽÂ ¼n(ÃŽÂ ³-1)) which is the steady state value of at (Durlauf 2010: 233). Gerschenkrons theory of backwardness is incorporated into the model above. Gerschenkron (1962) proposed that relatively backwards economies could achieve high levels of growth by investing RD into imitating technologies of the advanced countries. Relating it to this model, economies far behind the frontier could move closer to à £ by enabling a large increase in ÃŽÂ ¼m because it is quicker to mimic technologies instead of inventing new ones. This result is true for OECD countries (Griffith et al 2000: 893) At the lower stage of development countries are advantaged by implementing anti-competitive policies that would encumber growth at later stages of development. For example, having many state owned enterprises means lower competition. This means an economy should not rely on investment based strategies for a prolonged period of time, at later stages of development they should start to encourage innovation instead. Investment based strategies are those that protect certain indus tries, foster strong relationships between firms and workers and between firms and banks, and encourage high levels of savings (Acemoglu et al 2006: 38-9). The German and Japanese economic model is an example of this. Although perhaps not the best example as both economies also place importance on innovation. Figure 6 shows the relationship between distance to the frontier and barriers to competition. This confirms that the closer a country is to the frontier, the more detrimental barriers to competition are to growth by the significant negative coefficient in all estimates for this relationship. The relationship between distance to the frontier and low barriers on growth is less negative and not significant (Acemoglu et al. 2006: 42-43). Most papers find tacit knowledge to be an important factor when adapting technologies. In this case location and close relationships with developed countries is important because the information can be easily passed on. An example was given in Grif fith et al (2004: 883) of when the British supplied the Americans with jet planes during the Second World War. The planes had to be redrawn to comply with American standards, a process which took ten months. Even once a country has sufficiently developed institutions or a high level of human capital it could still be at a disadvantage because it does not have the knowledge implicit in other regions. In the case of USA versus European economic growth, one aspect not covered by the model is that Europe is made up of many different countries with different attitudes. Hence fiscally responsible nations like Germany need to make up for large spending nations like Greece and Hungary. Countries like France and Sweden have highly developed social welfare systems, which impede growth, while the US welfare system is notoriously poor. On the other hand the social welfare systems can also play into the Schumpeterian model. For example, firm entry and exit rates are far lower in Europe, partly because Europeans tend to be more cautious in entrepreneurship and failure is not as heavily stigmatised in the US (Verheul et al 2002: 230). Firm turnover is part of creative destruction. Note that high entry and exit rates are only important at the head of the frontier. As described above, they should be low when a country is far behind the frontier, consistent with anti-competitive behaviour. The importance of technological progress for growth is seen in the examples of the Soviet Union in the 1950s and the East Asian miracle in the 1990s. These countries moved rapidly towards the frontier during their respective years of growth but it was unable to be sustained and they never reached the frontier. The high growth rates have been found to have resulted from large scale increases to input (Krugman, 1997) in other words from government investment and growing populations. The governments failed to successfully switch to innovation strategies and the growth rates faltered. A similar phenomenon appears to be unfolding at the moment in China. Once the population growth rate starts to decrease it remains to be seen whether they can continue to sustain their economic growth. An government then faces the problem of when to switch from policies promoting catch up growth to those enabling competition. Acemoglu et al. (2006: 64) has derived an algebraic model capturing the point where an economy should switch strategies The turning point is a function of ÃŽÂ ¼, innovation incentive, ÃŽÂ ´, anti-competition and à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾, the fraction of government subsidised investment. This equation also incorporates the spillovers, cost of the investment, the skills of the entrepreneur and the amount of high skilled agents in the economy. The full model is explained in Acemoglu et al (2006). If the economy were to transfer before the turning point was reached it would lose the advantage of backwardness and also may not have industries developed enough to compete globally. On the other hand if it remains in the investment stage for too long it may risk falling into the non convergence trap. Growth levels stagnate because total factor productivity is not increasing with the global standard. The problem with this model is that it is simplistic. There are many factors hard to capture in economic model. An example is poorly developed countries tend to have high levels of corruption. Powerful business leaders could influence the decision not to switch away from the investment strategy. In the case above with the Soviet Union there were political problems hindering growth when communism fell. Another problem is that the communist destroyed large amounts of resources with their inefficient techniques. Large amounts of land became in-arable due to pollution and untapped oil became inaccessible. Natural resources or geographic local could also affect growth. For example the EU has great benefits to member countries. There could be problems mobilising the population from rural to urban areas such as in Africa. Sociologist literature places emphasis in a national psyche that influences economic growth. This is common in entrepreneurial literature when examining regional motivatio nal difference but discredited somewhat in economic literature. The example previously used in this paper is that America is more entrepreneurial because of its emphasis on individualism and willing acceptance of change. This is a reason for their strong growth. The empirical testing of the above framework is looked at in the next section. Education is another important factor to consider in growth models. Does higher human capital result in economic growth. One might assume with a highly educated population there is greater likelihood of successful innovations. Yet as described in the above scale effects literature this is not automatically true. A country with a basic primary and secondary education may advance in the earlier stages of development but there are diminishing returns to scale as the country progresses towards the frontier. For countries near to the frontier a greater emphasis must be placed on tertiary education. Table 1 shows the educational attainments of 5 large OECD countries. USA and Japan both have relatively high levels and France has been quite low. Table 2 shows Japan and the US have had the highest levels of productivity growth over the period and the Netherlands was low. The amount of total patents shown in Table 3 shows a different ranking. The USA and Japan still at the top but Germany has also performed highly. France and Netherlands have granted a far lower amount of patents. These figures are too superficial to make any conclusions and further research should be done on this issue but it seems tertiary education is unrelated to patent number but could be one of many contributing factors towards productivity growth. It might be useful to look at increases in education rates and compare it to increases in patent rates to see if tertiary education has an affect on innovation when close to the frontier. Section 5: Empirical evidence There have been examples of data from various countries conforming to the Schumpeterian model of growth, as a closer fit than captured by the Solow model. Venturini (2010) have taken data from the US economy. He has expanded the model to include ÃŽÂ ´, the rate at which ideas become obsolete. He finds only a weak fit to the Schumpeterian model but acknowledges that this could be to do with a bias formed from the underlying assumptions of the framework. Teixeira and Vieira (2004) find the Schumpeterian model fits the case of regional Portuguese data. They estimated an econometric model of human capital, firm productivity and firm failure rates. The main finding is that regions with higher levels of income and human capital have higher failure rates on average, a process of creative destruction. Clydesdale (2007) finds the Chinese economic growth is hampered by not engaging a technological enhancement strategy. The Chinese economy is restricted by being overly ridgid and too special ised, making change difficult (Clydesdale, 2007: 71). Recent Chinese growth has been found to be resultant from a large scale increase in the quantity of inputs rather than from improvement in input quality. Historically this has not been a sustainable method of growth, for example the former USSR. Zachariadis (2010) used a neo-Schumpeterian model to estimate an RD steady state on the US manufacturing industry. He empirical evidence that scale effects do not exist in Schumpeterian growth (Figure 6). Between 1957 and 1989 levels of RD remained constant as did technological progress despite an obvious increase in population (Zachariadis, 2002: 569). The main finding in the paper is that RD has a strong positive affect on patent rates and is probably a cause of growth. Although most papers rely on data on patents to estimate technological progress, Xu (2000) measures technology spillovers from US multinational enterprises on 40 different countries. He finds that technology spillovers have a positive affect on productivity growth as long as they have met a certain level of human capital accumulation. This means countries that are relatively undeveloped like Brazil. These results are consistent with the findings of Aghion and Howitt (2006) above where developed countries have a greater emphasis on tertiary education and therefore a greater ability to innovate. Poorer countries need to reach a certain level of knowledge before they can successfully adapt technologies. As they move further towards the frontier the emphasis must shift to innovation in order to keep growing. Positive affects on productivity are still felt in the poorly developed economy but from other causes (Xu, 200: 479). Griffith et al (2000) made a study in OECD countries on the effe cts of RD imitation in catching up to the efficiency frontier. As with Zachariadis, Griffith et al. find an affect on patents from RD. They also find human capital affects innovation and imitation but international trade does not have a significant affect. Figure 7 was taken directly from their paper. TFPGAP is a measure of distance to the frontier and robust standard errors are in parentheses. Column 1 shows a positive, significant relationship of technology transfers on productivity growth, and in column 2 they introduce the effects of RD growth, also significant. In column 3 the level of RD and the relationship between RD is positive. The greater the distance to the frontier, the greater the chance of technology transfers to positively affect RD and growth but only at a ten per cent significance level. Aghion et al (2005) theoretically and empirically test the importance of financial development on convergence. This paper examines the role of financial development in supporting or hindering technological progress, the main force behind economic growth. Figure 8 shows average financial development and per capita GDP. There is a positive relationship between the two factors. There is no longer a positive affect of financial development on growth once a country reaches approximately a 39 per cent level of development, which is the level of Greece (Aghion et al 2005: 190) Section 6: Convergence Convergence is the concept that all countries will move towards the same economic growth rate. Convergence is theoretically possible because of the advantage of backwardness Gerschenkron (1962). Pritchett (1997) found that over the past 140 years that while the major economies moved towards convergence, there has been an overall divergence between the rich and the poor. This is the main idea driving the section on the efficiency frontier. First countries most mobilise resources, as seen with the large scale increases in inputs. They most also develop economic and financial institutions able to withstand and support prolonged growth. Technological progress is the last stage of convergence. This is the newer theory of club convergence (Howitt and Mayer-Foulkes, 2004). Based on Schumpeterian growth theory, countries move towards different steady states determined by their level of development. The richest countries benefit from technology transfers amongst each other but the poorer grou p must reach the appropriate level of human capital to be able to support advanced technology first. Global convergence begun in the later stages of the industrial revolution where European countries and the new world countries: USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand began to move towards similar growth rates (Pritchett 1997). However the poorer countries were not able to match such progress. In fact the opposite happened; during the period 1870 to 1990 the ratio between rich and poor went from 8.7 to 45 times the GDP per capita (Krugman, 1997: 11). Howitt (2000) theorised that while countries are making positive investments in RD they should eventually converge to the long run growth path . This is because innovations in other countries can be easily adopted as long as the country has the appropriate underlying institutions (Howitt, 2000: 830). Hence we have club convergence as shown in Figure 9. Growth path A represents those countries investing in modern RD and at the forefront of the efficiency frontier. Line B are those countries in the catch-up stage who have not reach reached the innovation stage of development. This could be a representation of countries such as the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China), or the eastern tigers of the 1990s. Countries that are growing rapidly but that must make a structural and political change before they are completely industrialised. Line C are those countries that started far behind the rest and are too poorly developed to start converging and, though they are growing, are classified third world countries. Countries that are not investing at all in RD would be a flat line along the x axis. This is probably only the experience of remote amazonian tribes and other communities removed from the modern world and so are not included in the model. Mayer-Foulkes (2000) proposes there are five clubs of convergence, experiencing divergence between groups. The richest group has the highest average steady state growth. Of the five groups, three describe different levels of development. In Mayer-Foulkes (2000) model development is defined by level of income, to represent propensity to innovate, and by average life expectancy, to show the level of human development. Groups 1, 3 and 5 represent high, medium and low levels of development, respectively. The other two groups, 2 and 4, are transiting to a higher level of development. Figure 10 shows the geographic locations were groups members are situated. This is mostly what is expected above except the BRIC nations are not in the one group. India for example is in group 4 (Mayer-Foulkes, 2002: 8). Interestingly Argentina Uruguay are in the highest group. and Latin America dominates the third group and the lowest group has only two non African members. Note that Eastern Europe has not b een included. Three groups have been recognised as existing outside the model: the ex-Soviet countries; other countries that were previously, or are currently socialist; and countries that are mainly oil-exporting. These groups experience a different growth pattern to the rest of the world and so are not converging to any of the steady states in other groups. In this model the economy produces a single good Zt with output dependent on the input of intermediate goods i at date t, denoted by x(i)t and à Ã¢â‚¬  , a parameter representing the non-technological aspects of total factor productivity Zt = à Ã¢â‚¬  L1-ÃŽÂ ± à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «o1 At(i)1-ÃŽÂ ±xt(i)ÃŽÂ ± di The probability that an entrepreneur innovates, ÃŽÂ ¼, is increasing with the skill level of entrepreneurs, St, the productivity of the innovation, ÃŽÂ », and the quantity of inputs, zt. ÃŽÂ · is the Cobb-Douglas exponent of skills in innovation and Äâ‚ ¬t+1 is the global frontier. Such that and the division by the global frontier represents the fact that as technologies become more advanced innovation becomes harder (Howitt Mayer-Foulkes, 2004:8,10). Note, this last assumption may not be realistic because inventions such as the steam train, electricity and computers have resulted in large increases in innovation. St = à Ã¢â‚¬ ºAt where à Ã¢â‚¬ º is the entrepreneurs level of education. It follows that the equilibrium rate of innovation is As at = At / Äâ‚ ¬t the local human capital level is compared to the global standard and the difficulty of coming from behind is captured in the equation. Greater values of At mean the country is at an advantage. Howitt and Mayer-Foulkes refer to this as the absorption affect (2004: 11) because the probability of innovation is proportional to the skill level. Diving the national factors by the world growth rate gt implies an increase in growth globally hinders the rate of innovation. These are important because it represents the countries ability to effectively incorporate new technologies into its own economy, thus the basis of the club convergence model. A low value of at implies a disadvantage of backwardness. Hence a countrys productivity can advance in to ways; independently or towards the global standard On average At+1 = ÃŽÂ ¼tÄâ‚ ¬t+1 + (1-ÃŽÂ ¼t)At dividing both sides by the world productivity in the next period yields In this case there is no absorption effect, so Gerschenkrons (1962) advantage of backwardness would apply (Howitt Mayer-Foulkes, 2004: 12). In the above section the USA was acknowledged as the efficiency frontier. The USA is still a country, therefore the productivity rate of the efficiency frontier can be written as ÃŽÂ ¼tUS = ÃŽÂ ¼US.atUS 1 + gt The growth of the USA would be the world growth rate. In this case gt = à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼tUS where à Ã†â€™ is a spillover affect from similarly advanced countries, line A in Figure

The Wessex Tales Essay -- miscellaneous

The Wessex Tales Explore Hardy’s portrayal of women in three of the stories studied. The Wessex tales was set in the nineteenth century; Thomas Hardy decided to write his stories and novels in the past, during the nineteenth century before he was born. Hardy got some of his ideas from his grand parents; he used to spend long evening next to the fire listening to his grand parents telling stories form the past. Thomas Hardy invented his own places He is highlighting the point that women around that time do not have a say in any thing. The expectations of women were that they had a lower profile At this time people lived in small communities so every one knew each other, so gossip got around the community. If any one did any thing wrong then they became a victim of there own community, and would become isolated. Thomas Hardy portrays Rhoda s being a social victim for having a child out of wedlock, although she is isolated it is ironic that Farmer Lodge is not, but he is still accepted as part of the community. This shows women are lower than men women are inferior to men. Farmer lodge does not acknowledge the fact that he has a son ‘Just the same as usual’ ‘ Took no notice of you’ ‘None’ Rhoda son is use to his dad ignoring him. All that Farmer Lodge has given Rhoda is a job, Rhoda works away from the rest of the workers because she has been discarded. Hardy describes Rhoda as ‘Fading women of thirty’She looks older than she actually is; it also...

War in Iraq :: Politics Political History Government Essays

War in Iraq Introduction In 1979, President Bakr resigned under pressure from Hussein, who then became president. Immediately after his succession, Hussein called a Baath Party meeting and had all of his opposition systematically murdered. As president, Hussein continued to reinforce his power base by enlarging security forces and employing family members in the government. One 1984 analysis indicated that 50 percent of Iraqis were either employed by the government or military or had a family member who was -- thus making the population intimately connected to and dominated by Hussein. For the past two decades, Hussein has tyrannically ruled Iraq. He started a war with Iran, and his invasion of Kuwait led to the Persian Gulf War. While his abuses are widespread, opposition groups receive little popular support, and uprisings have been minor and easily squelched. Fear of reprisals forced nearly unanimous positive votes for Hussein in the 1995 and 2002 referendums on the presidency. In addition, many in the Middle East seem to believe that if Hussein is deposed the country will break into pieces, leading to more problems in the already troubled region. Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Gulf War I The Iran-Iraq War permanently altered the course of Iraqi history. It strained Iraqi political and social life, and led to severe economic dislocations. Viewed from a historical perspective, the outbreak of hostilities in 1980 was, in part, just another phase of the ancient Persian-Arab conflict that had been fueled by twentieth-century border disputes. Many observers, however, believe that Saddam Hussein's decision to invade Iran was a personal miscalculation based on ambition and a sense of vulnerability. Saddam Hussein, despite having made significant strides in forging an Iraqi nation-state, feared that Iran's new revolutionary leadership would threaten Iraq's delicate SunniShia balance and would exploit Iraq's geostrategic vulnerabilities--Iraq's minimal access to the Persian Gulf, for example. In this respect, Saddam Hussein's decision to invade Iran has historical precedent; the ancient rulers of Mesopotamia, fearing internal strife and foreign conquest, also engaged in freque nt battles with the peoples of the highlands. Iraq and Iran had engaged in border clashes for many years and had revived the dormant Shatt al Arab waterway dispute in 1979. Iraq claimed the 200-kilometer channel up to the Iranian shore as its territory, while Iran insisted that the thalweg--a line running down the middle of the waterway--negotiated last in 1975, was the official border. The Iraqis, especially the Baath leadership, regarded the 1975 treaty as merely a truce, not a definitive settlement.

Lewis Latimer :: essays research papers

Lewis Latimer was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts in 1848. He was the son of George and Rebecca Latimer, escaped slaves from Virginia. When Lewis Latimer was a boy his father George was arrested and tried as a slave fugitive. The judge ordered his return to Virginia and slavery, but the local community to pay for George Latimer’s freedom raised money. George Latimer later went underground fearing his re-enslavement, a great hardship for Lewis' family. Lewis Latimer enlisted in the Union Navy at the age of 15 by forging the age on his birth certificate. Upon the completion of his military service, Lewis Latimer returned to Boston, Massachusetts where he was employed by the patent solicitors Crosby & Gould. While working in the office Lewis began the study of drafting and eventually became their head draftsmen. During his employment with Crosby & Gould, Latimer drafted the patent drawings for Alexander Graham Bell's patent application for the telephone, spending long nights with the inventor. Bell rushed his patent application to the patent office mere hours ahead of the competition and won the patent rights to the telephone with the help of Latimer. Hiram Maxim, founder of the U.S. Electric Light Co., at Bridgeport, CN, and the inventor of the Maxim machine gun, hired Lewis Latimer as an assistant manager and draftsman. Latimer's talent for drafting and his creative genius led him to invent a method of making carbon filaments for the Maxim electric incandescent lamp. In 1881, he supervised the installation of the electric lights in New York, Philadelphia, Montreal, and London. Lewis Latimer was the original draftsman for Thomas Edison (who he started working for in 1884) and as such was the star witness in Edison’s infringement suits. Lewis Latimer was the only African American member of the twenty-four "Edison Pioneers", Thomas Edison's engineering division of the Edison Company. Latimer also co-authored a book on electricity published in 1890 called, "Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System." Lewis Latimer had many interests. He was an inventor, draftsman, engineer, author, poet, musician, and, at the same time, a devoted family man and philanthropist.

Energy Trends And Energy Policy In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

In the twelvemonth 2005, the energy ingestion in Malaysia is about 38.9 Mtoe which is addition about 5.6 per centum from the twelvemonth 2000. Oil is a significant part of energy consumed which is about 63 per centum. It is chiefly used in the industrial and conveyance sector. Natural gas ingestion besides increased in analogue with the fuel electricity demand. Although it is decrease from 77 per centum in yea 2000 to 70 per centum in twelvemonth 2005 but it still considered as a high in the portion of natural gas with the electricity coevals. Actually the authorities wants to increase the portion of coal in the electricity coevals mix, but it merely reached about 22 per centum in 2005. In twelvemonth 1980, Malaysia authorities introduced the National Depletion Policy. It is because Malaysia has many conventional energy resources ( oil and gas ) and renewable energy such as hydro, biomass and solar energy. The intent of this policy is to develop the economic system ‘s oil and gas in a sustainable mode and fixed the maximal day-to-day oil and gas production degrees. The production degrees for the natural gas militias are expected to last another 33 old ages and oil militias are expected to last another 19 old ages. Malaysia authorities introduced the Five Fuel Strategy in order to happen alternate energy beginnings after oil, coal, natural gas and hydro. In 2005, biodiesel was introduced for the conveyance sector to accomplish sustainable energy development through variegation of fuel beginning. Energy demand The portion of Malaysia ‘s urban population will increase from 63 per centum in 2002 to 78 per centum in 2030. Besides, the existent GDP besides increase about 3.4 per centum per annum. The increasing of population and existent GDP will take to alter in lifestyle and do energy demand besides increase in the conveyance, commercial and industrial sector. Beginning: Global Penetrations ( 2005 ) Figure: Real GDP and Population The concluding energy demand until 2030 shows the industry sector will hold the highest growing rate which is about 4.3 per centum. The 2nd growing rate is transport sector at 3.9 per centum and followed by residential at 3.1 per centum. The lowest growing rate energy demand is commercial sector at 2.7 per centum. The concluding energy demand is shown in figure below. Beginning: APERC Analysis ( 2006 ) Figure: Final Energy Demand Although the concluding energy demand for the industry sector is the growing rate, but its mean one-year growing is decrease about 7.5 per centum over the past two decennaries. It is because of the switching industry construction from energy intensive to non-intensive energy and betterment of energy efficiency. Energy demand for natural gas is expected to growing at 43 per centum of industrial demand in 2030. Hence, substitute the oil as a primary fuel in Malaysia. Malaysia authorities makes many programs in order to happen alternate renewable fuel. It can see by the development of biomass energy in Malaysia. Biomass energy is used in cogeneration by palm oil industries. Intro Production The Malayan authorities stated that mush and paper industry as one of the of import sector for investing in the 2nd industrial maestro program ( IMP 2 ) . The chief aim of this program is to accomplish a province of ego sufficient, cut down import and promote foreign capital influx. Although, in the twelvemonth 1997 occur Asiatic Crisis, the mush and paper industry still can last to make their production. No mill was closed down or taken by larger companies at this clip. The mush and paper industry merely produce little production because they cutting the cost of production but still efficient. This industry besides concentrating on niche markets at the national graduated table. Until now, this industry becomes one of the of import sectors that contribute to development of Malaysia economic system. The entire capacity of mush and paper production is about over than one million tones per twelvemonth and it is increase twelvemonth by twelvemonth. In Malaysia, the production of mush and paper industry does non carry through the domestic ingestion. Malaysia had ever dependent on newspaper import. Figure: Malaya Pulp Production and Consumption Figure: Malaysia Paper Production and Consumption Malaya is turning in the paper recycling procedure. Many mills use about 95 per centum wastepaper as a natural stuff base. Some company makes net income by selling the wastepaper to another company. The authorities decided to censor export of wastepaper to do certain that all of the wastepaper collected stayed in the state. Figure: Pulp and Paper mill in Malaya From the figure, there are 20 mills of mush and paper in Malaysia. For the instance survey, three mills were selected. The mills are: Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn Bhd Plo 59, Jalan Perusahaan 4, Senai Industrial Estate, 81400 Senai, Johor. The company specialising in the maker of expandible polystyrene boxes and corrugated paper cartons merchandises. This company was established in twelvemonth 1991. 2 ) Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn Bhd Batch 7090. Mukim Tg. 12, Karung Berkunci 206, 42700 Banting, Selangor Malaya The company specialising in the maker of line drives and corrugated medium documents. This company was established in twelvemonth 1992. It has approximately 600 employees working in this company. The company is able to bring forth 250,000 M/T of industrial paper per twelvemonth. 3 ) Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn Bhd No. 8998, Kawasan Perindustrian Peringkat IV Batu Berendam 75350 Melaka Malaya The company specialising in the maker of corrugated cartons and boards. This company was established in twelvemonth 1990.It has approximately 300 employees working in two displacements. The company is able to bring forth 100,000 M/T of corrugated boards and cartons per twelvemonth. Table shows the entire operating hr and net production for each mill. From the tabular array below, the highest production and runing hr is from Genting Sanyen compared to Ornapaper and Cenpak. It is because Genting Sanyen has a big works and many fabrication machines that allow to bring forth a big sum of production. No Item Unit of measurement Cenpak Genting Sanyen Ornapaper 1 2 Operating hr Net Production h/yr t/yr 6240 6,645 8400 196,631 5840 43,756 Table: Entire runing hr and net production Operational government and production figures Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn Bhd The works operates for 24 hours a twenty-four hours throughout the twelvemonth. The operational government of the works differs harmonizing to the procedure as shown in table below. No Item Unit of measurement Figure 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Base information CCB Corrugator machine Flexo Printing machines Waste H2O intervention EPS Preexpansion Modeling machines Dryers Boiler room operation Boiler 1 Boiler 2 h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr h/yr 3,120 3,120 3,120 6,240 6,240 6,240 6,240 3,120 Plant operational government The monthly net production end product for the period January 2000 to December 2000 is shown in the undermentioned tabular array. Calendar month Unit of measurement Expanded polystyrene Corrugated carton box Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Sum T T T T T T T T T T T T T 59 74 62 48 57 65 66 66 53 64 45 36 695 567 743 478 479 478 422 533 472 453 565 456 306 5,950 Entire net production for the mention period Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn Bhd Operational government and production figures The works operates for 24 hours a twenty-four hours throughout the twelvemonth. The operational government of the works for each section is shown in table below. Department Working ( yearss ) Number of Shifts Working Hours Annual Operating Hours Stock readying 7 3 24 8,400 Paper machine 7 3 24 8,400 Care 7 3 24 8,400 The monthly production end product for the twelvemonth 2000 is given in the tabular array below. Calendar month Production ( T ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire 16,055 16,073 15,961 16,266 16,928 17,078 16,944 16,686 14,960 17,144 15,743 16,795 196,631 Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn Bhd The Ornapaper works operates 16 hours a twenty-four hours on two displacements. However, certain subdivisions operate over longer periods. The one-year operating hours of the works harmonizing to the procedure are shown in Table below Plant one-year runing hr Unit of measurement Figure Corrugator machine Printing machine Waste H2O intervention Boiler Compressor Hr/yr Hr/yr Hr/yr Hr/yr Hr/yr 5840 5840 5840 5840 5840 The monthly production end product of the works for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown table below Calendar month Unit of measurement Corrugated box Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones 4,234 2,976 4,054 3,946 4,256 3,818 3,375 3,157 3,190 3,571 3,659 3,520 Entire Tones 43,756 Monthly production for the twelvemonth 2002 Manufacturing procedure For the instance survey, fabricating procedure for each mill is different. It is because each works produces different merchandise and different machine. In order to accomplish energy salvaging step, it is of import to cognize the fabrication procedure and it energy ingestion in the procedure. Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn Bhd The company produces expandible polystyrene boxes and corrugated box. The production of corrugated box based on the client specification. The production procedure is begins with starch readying and paper axial rotations. The following phase is corrugators subdivision. In this subdivision, the corrugator machine will convey together a sheet of paper to organize individual or dual bed corrugated paper. The paper is produced in a uninterrupted procedure harmonizing to the merchandise design and specifications. The machine is divided into chief subdivisions, flute and hot home base subdivisions. The flute subdivision is divided into flutes portion and dual angel. The paper axial rotations are transported under the axial rotation stands utilizing conveyers. The operator so feeds the axial rotations into the corrugators. In the individual facer, the paper is which give the paper the fluted form. Starch is applied to the tips of the flutes on one side and the interior line drive is glued to the flute. The corrugated flute medium with one line drive attached to it, is called individual phaser web and travels along the machine towards dual angel. This subdivision is known as line preheater. There, the individual facer web meets the outer line drive and forms the corrugated board. After the board emerges from dual angel, it passes a steam heated a steam flatcar known as hot home base, the cutter cuts the board to the exact required length to obtain the corrugated sheet. Finally, corrugated sheets are stacked and sent to the 2nd subdivision of the corrugators hall by operators. Then, the corrugated carton box goes to following procedure which is publishing and slotting, cutting, turn uping and pasting the board to fabricate a corrugated box. In this subdivision, it have flexographic or flexo machines. This machine will publish, cuts, creases and glues the board into the concluding form in one operation. Unfortunately, non all operation can be managing with flexo machine. For the big poster board or more sophisticated packaging manner instance, it will travel to decease cutting and sewing or pasting procedure manually. Last, the corrugated carton box will be sent to review subdivision. In this subdivision, the merchandise will be inspects whether it is fulfill the client specification or non. After the review subdivision is complete, the merchandise will be sent to the client. Flow Diagram of corrugated box procedure Starch Preparation Paper RollsCorrugatorPrintingDie CutGluing/StitchingInspectionDeliveryThe 2nd of merchandise in this company is expandible polystyrene boxes. Figure below shows the general procedure to do the expandible polystyrene boxes. EPS RESIN NEW MOULD EXPANDER SILO AGING Molding Machine REQUIRE DRYING DRYING Packing material STORING Delivery Energy use at modeling procedure. Polystyrene modeling procedure requires the supply of steam, compressed air, electricity, chilling H2O and vacuity. Steam is required to provide heat for the formation of the polystyrene mold and chilling H2O to chill the vacuity pumps and molds. Compressed air is chiefly needed for the control of the molding procedure, purge of H2O and gap of the mold. Vacuum is required in the chilling and emptying of extra steam before the mold gap. Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn Bhd Flow diagram of production procedure of paper Waste PaperRaw stuff StorageStock Preparation Paper Machine Whitewater Preparation Wire Section Imperativeness Section Dryer Section Completing Section Paper Rolls First, the waste paper is collected and some waste paper is import from another company. After that, the natural stuff will be store up to six-month supply. The stock readying starts with the cleansing procedure. It starts with the centrifugal cleansing of the diluted mixture of contaminated fibres. The diluted waste paper mixture is pumped to different machines whose intent it is to divide the useable fibres from the ink or any other soiled stuff, which might be attached to the fibre. The mixture has to be farther diluted, dewatered, washed and pressed to hold those fibres reclaimed, which are clean and transcend a certain fibre size, the remainder is discarded as sludge. The fibres are separated in short and long fibres to command the strength and quality of the paper by choosing the appropriate mixture in the paper production subsequently on. Then, the procedure continues to the paper machine subdivision. The paper machine is used as a large drier which transform the loose fibres into solid sheet of paper. The paper machine can be spliting into another subdivision which is the white water readying system, the wire subdivision, the imperativeness subdivision, the drier subdivision with size imperativeness and finishing subdivision. Whitewater readying is provides the circulating H2O for the paper machine. The wire subdivision is orientating the fibres on a traveling screen ( wire ) and allows large measures of H2O to go through through. The imperativeness subdivision presses the H2O in the imperativeness felt which in bend is cleaned with hard-hitting H2O noses and suction tubings for H2O remotion. For the drier subdivision it will distilling inside the cylinder and heats the surface to about 140 & A ; deg ; C. Lastly, the finishing subdivision provides a steel calendar for smoothing the surface. Ornapaper Industry ( M ) Sdn Bhd The company produce corrugated box which is same with the Cenpak Holding. Hence, the fabrication procedure to bring forth corrugated box besides same. The procedure involve with starch readying and paper axial rotations, corrugators, printing, dice cut, pasting, review and bringing. Energy use at the corrugator The energy consumed at the corrugators subdivision is electrical and thermic energy. Electrical energy is used to run motors, fans and compressor. Thermal energy or steam supplied to the assorted subdivisions of the corrugators. . Boiler is used to bring forth steam for corrugator subdivision to blow H2O intervention works ( WWTP ) . Steam is supplied through a distribution pipe and the distribution is shown in figure below.BoilerSteam HeadingConveyerHot PlateDouble BeckerPreheaterWater TankIntro energy ingestion Energy ingestion of mush and paper industry is about 3 per centum from the entire industrial energy ingestion in Malaysia. The mush and paper industry self-generates from the energy required to back up the fabrication procedure. Wood waste fuels, chemical waste fuel watercourse and power cogeneration is the illustration of the spontaneous. Table below show the Malayan industrial energy ingestion in 2003. Cenpak Holding ( M ) Sdn Bhd Energy and public-service corporations ingestion The public-service corporations supplied to the site are electricity, Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) and H2O. The entire energy ingestion of the mill and the one-year energy and public-service corporation costs in the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below. No Item Unit of measurement Measure Cost th.RM 1 2 3 4 MFO Electricity Water Sum th.ltr MWh th.m3 Th.RM 1,363 2,961 35 736 688 76 1,501 Annual energy public-service corporation ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2001 Chart: one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2001 ) From the pie chart, we can see that MFO and electricity contribute major energy to the Cenpak Holding. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the cost. Description of the electric web The mill is billed under Duty E2 by TNB. The electric use, demand and cost sum-up for 2001 is shown in table below. Calendar month On-peak ( KWh ) Off-peak ( KWh ) Entire ( KWh ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire Annually cost ( th.RM/yr ) Average monetary value RM/KWh 167,160 157,800 156,450 141,350 113,510 151,000 151,320 185,440 170,200 157,130 152,220 124,810 1,828,390 380 96,390 91,250 88,690 98,050 76,980 96,920 107,710 119,000 101,440 102,330 88,550 65,780 1,133,090 145 263,550 249,050 245,140 239,400 190,490 247,920 259,030 304,440 271,640 259,460 240,770 190,590 2,961,480 688 0.232 Electricity duty Item Unit of measurement Rate Electrical energy Duty codification On peak period rate Off peak period rate Maximal demand for each KWh RM/KWh RM/KWh RM/month E3S 0.208 0.128 21.70 From the graph, we can see that the highest electricity ingestion was in August and the lowest is in May. The electricity ingestion is all of a sudden reduced in May and get down addition from June to August. The peak clip and off extremum is reduced towards the terminal of the twelvemonth. Fuel supply and ingestion The fuel used at Cenpak Holding is Medium Fuel Oil ( MFO ) . MFO is used in the boiler. The MFO ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below. No Fuel Unit of measurement Figure Entire cost ( th.RM ) 1 MFO ltr 1,363,250 736 Water Consumption Water ingestion for the twelvemonth 2001 is shown in table below. Calendar month Consumption ( M3 ) Cost ( RM ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire 2,351 2,560 2,806 2,720 2,747 3,473 2,743 2,580 2,251 3,486 3,720 3,077 34,514 4,558.93 5,722.81 6,274.98 6,080.85 6,142.08 7,768.32 6,132.37 5,768.00 5,031.04 7,797.05 8,320.85 6,881.28 76,478.56 From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in November and the lowest is in January. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher the cost. Genting Sanyen Industrial Paper Sdn Bhd Energy and public-service corporation ingestion The public-service corporations supplied to the site are electricity, steam, and H2O. The one-year energy cost in the twelvemonth 2000 for each public-service corporation is shown in table below. No Utility Unit of measurement Consumption Equivalent Energy Cost GJ%1000 RM%1 2 3 Electricity Steam Water MWh T M3 98,602 316,199 2,247,232 1,268 867,334–868,602 0.15 99.85–100 19,720 7,905 1123.6 28,746 25 73 3 100 Chart one-year cost for each public-service corporation From the pie chart, we can see that electricity consume the major portion of the cost which is 69 % . Therefore, it is recommended concentrating the electricity energy to cut down the cost. Specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI ) The specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below. Calendar month Electricity ( MWh ) Production ( T ) EUI ( MWh/t ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 7,185 7,063 6,929 7,246 7,365 8,623 8,772 8,766 8,201 9,319 8,693 10,441 16,055 16,073 15,961 16,266 16,928 17,078 16,944 16,686 14,960 17,144 15,743 16,795 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.45 0.44 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.54 0.55 0.62 Entire 98,602 196,631 0.50 Table specific electricity ingestion per ton ( EUI ) From the graph, we can see that specific energy ingestion per ton ( EUI ) reaches the highest in December and lowest in March. The mean electricity ingestion is 0.50 MWh/ton. Specific steam ingestion The specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below. Calendar month Steam ( T ) Production ( T ) EUI ( t/t ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 26,074 26,270 26,023 27,029 27,142 27,024 24,658 28,111 27,247 28,353 22,333 25,935 16,055 16,073 15,961 16,266 16,928 17,078 16,944 16,686 14,960 17,144 15,743 16,795 1.62 1.63 1.63 1.66 1.60 1.58 1.46 1.68 1.82 1.65 1.42 1.54 Entire 316,199 196,631 1.61 Table specific steam ingestion per ton ( EUI ) Specific steam ingestion From the graph, we can see that specific steam ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in September and lowest in November. The mean electricity ingestion is 1.61 t/t. The specific H2O ingestion for the twelvemonth 2000 is shown in the tabular array below. Calendar month Water ( M3 ) Production ( T ) Spec. Water Consumption ( m3/t ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 18,2257 16,6727 17,7752 17,7061 17,9752 18,5445 20,6532 19,7667 19,4102 20,0148 18,2558 19,7231 16,055 16,073 15,961 16,266 16,928 17,078 16,944 16,686 14,960 17,144 15,743 16,795 11.35 10.37 11.14 10.89 10.62 10.86 12.19 11.85 12.97 11.67 11.60 11.74 Entire 2,247,232 196,631 11.43 Table specific H2O ingestion. From the graph, we can see that specific H2O ingestion ( EUI ) reaches the highest in September and lowest in February. The mean electricity ingestion is 11.43 m3/t.Energy and Utilities ConsumptionThe major energy consumed in their works is light fuel oil ( LFO ) , electricity and diesel oil. Electricity is utilised chiefly for its procedure machine such as corrugator, publishing machines, sewing machine, compressor, fan and office. LFO is used by boiler to bring forth steam while Diesel is chiefly used for vehicles. The entire energy and public-service corporations ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002 is shown in table below. No Item Unit of measurement Measure Cost th.RM 1 2 3 4 LFO Diesel Electricity Water Sum th.ltr th.ltr MWh M3 th.RM 1,485 102 3,294 24,346 980 64 605 36 1,685 Chart: one-year energy public-service corporation ingestion ( 2002 ) From the pie chart, we can see that LFO and electricity contribute major energy to the Ornapaper. Therefore, it recommended concentrating to this energy to cut down the cost. Electricity duty The site belongs to TNB ‘s duty codification E2 – Medium Voltage Peak / Off-peak Industrial Tariff. Table below shows the duty rate. Item Unit of measurement Rate Electrical energy Duty codification On peak period rate Off peak period rate Maximal demand for each KWh RM/KWh RM/KWh RM/month E2 0.208 0.128 21.70 Electricity ingestion Table below shows the monthly electricity ingestion and costs for the twelvemonth 2002. Calendar month On-peak ( KWh ) Off-peak ( KWh ) Entire ( KWh ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire 198,000 195,860 200,350 218,840 209,570 209,570 210,520 215,850 215,380 202,780 212,690 186,130 2,475,540 100,270 85,040 111,930 111,460 112,460 112,460 73,460 84,720 78,260 73,060 61,250 62,640 1,067,010 298,270 280,900 312,280 330,300 322,030 322,030 283,980 300,570 293,640 275,840 273,940 248,770 3,542,550 Annually cost ( th.RM/yr ) 515 137 651 Average monetary value ( RM/KWh ) 0.184 Graph: Electricity Consumption ( 2002 ) From the graph, we can see that the highest electricity ingestion was in April and the lowest is in December. The peak clip is about same throughout the twelvemonth but the off extremum is reduced towards the terminal of the twelvemonth. Fuel ingestion Light Fuel Oil ( LFO ) and Diesel are used at Ornapaper. As reference before, LFO is used for boiler to bring forth steam and Diesel is used for vehicle. Table below shows the fuel ingestion for the twelvemonth 2002. No Fuel Unit of measurement Figure Entire cost ( th.RM ) 1 1.1 1.2 Liquid fuel LFO Diesel ltr ltr 1,621,280 101919 1070 64 Entire Cost 1134 Specific Energy Consumption ( 2002 ) Calendar month Electricity ( KWh ) LFO ( ltr ) Production ( metric tons ) Specific Energy Consumption Electricity ( Kwh/tonnes ) LFO ( GJ/tonnes ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 298,270 280,900 312,280 330,300 322,030 322,030 283,980 300,570 293,640 275,840 273,940 248,770 99,655 71,182 160,527 93,764 239,073 130,255 145,800 149,236 87,873 164,152 143,427 136,337 4,234 2,976 4,054 3,946 4,256 3,818 3,375 3,157 3,190 3,571 3,659 3,520 70.4 94.4 77.0 83.7 75.7 84.4 84.1 95.2 92.1 77.2 74.9 70.7 0.85 0.86 1.43 0.86 2.03 1.23 1.56 1.71 1.00 1.66 1.42 1.40 Entire 3,542,550 1,621,280 43,756 81.6 1.33 Graph specific energy ingestion ( electricity ) From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in February and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is cut down from October to January. Therefore, it is chances to cut down the electricity ingestion. Graph specific energy ingestion ( LFO ) From the graph, we can see specific energy ingestion highest in May and the lowest in January. Specific energy ingestion is about same from January to February. Therefore, it is chances to cut down theLFO ingestion and step energy salvaging for the boiler. Water Consumption Water is used for boiler to bring forth steam and for publishing procedure at the Ornapaper. The H2O ingestion for Ornapaper in the twelvemonth 2002 is given in table below. Calendar month Figure ( M3 ) Entire Cost ( th.RM ) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Entire 1,480 1,581 2,486 1,994 2,349 2,331 2,245 1,986 1,171 1,194 1,676 3,265 23,758 2,175.60 2,324.07 3,654.42 2,931.18 3,453.03 3,426.57 3,300.15 2,919.42 1,721.37 1,755.18 2,463.72 4,799.55 34,924.26 Graph H2O consumotion and cost ( 2002 ) From the graph, we can see that the highest H2O ingestion was in December and the lowest is in September. The cost for the H2O ingestion is parallel with the H2O ingestion. Higher the H2O ingestion, higher the cost.